Marks of a Healthy Church Essay

Introduction In the New Testament, the church can be referred to as the â€Å"local† church or the â€Å"universal† church. The local church is a place where assemblies of believers come together at a particular location and time. The universal church refers to the body of Christ. Many churches believe that they are healthy because they have a certain number of people on their membership roll. Healthy churches measure their spirituality according to God’s Word. This paper seeks to convey that healthy churches are measured in spiritual terms versus numerical terms; follow biblical instead of cultural patterns of ministry; are based on theological instead of sociological foundations; focus on ministry not a marketing model; and adopt scriptural not secular models of leadership. This will be done by examining Kenneth Gangel’s discussion on the different marks that can be used to gauge a healthy church in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church.† Brief Summary According to Kenneth Gangel, in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church,† he seeks to â€Å"explain the characteristics of a healthy church using the measurements of the spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership.† To accomplish this Gangel cautions spiritual leaders not to get caught up in measuring church growth in numerical terms. They should accentuate the holiness and sovereignty of God through Bible study, worship, prayer, praise, and fellowship. In following biblical instead of cultural patterns, churches do not feel compelled to stay â€Å"up with the times† or get hooked on religious fads and slogans. Churches should not push alot of programs and believe that they are right just because they are successful. They would do well to check them and their success against the Word of God. Gangel also wanted spiritual leaders to ensure that they are paying attention to the true vigor or teachings of biblical theology and not get caught up in sociological perceptions of what the church should be. They should seek God’s plans for the church and tune out outside influences. A healthy church seeks to remain spiritually effective by following the ministry model of the â€Å"Great Commission† according to God’s grace, authority, and resources. Churches must never use the marketing or worldly model of seeking resources to accomplish their goals. Spiritual leaders will have trials and be scrutinized; but they should never take on a secular form of leadership in order to deal with these trials. They must pay attention to the essential functions of guiding and leading a healthy church. Critical Interaction Gangel has taken an in depth approach to explaining what constitutes a healthy church. He seeks to make clear that spiritual leaders have to use a biblical approach to assessing church growth or a healthy church. Some of the theological issues that I have found to be at stake in the article are the beliefs that church growth is an indication that the church is growing according to what God has mandated for the church. Church growth should always be evaluated to ensure that the growth is occurring for the right or biblical reasons. The other theological issue is making sure that the spiritual leader and the church are not conforming to the world and its way of doing things. The Bible is the road map that has been given to the spiritual leaders and the church to ensure that they do not go wrong or spiritually off course. Gangel’s opinion that the church should not get caught up on spiritual fads and slogans is backed by John F. MacArthur’s warning that the abandonment of the scriptures as a regulatory principle has opened the church to some of the most detestable of abuses. These abuses include bringing in secular artist into worship services, a sideshow with a carnival theme, and wrestling shows. Gangel is prompted to write about this subject because he was noticed and read about churches hinging their spiritual health on numerical terms of growth instead of biblical terms. His goal is to enlighten and warn the church to make sure they are using biblical measurements in determining the spiritual health of the church. The author has done an exceptional job in proving his thesis, that there are biblical marks or measurements of a healthy church. Gangel’s key strengths in this article are the five biblical marks that he has used to compare to the secular tenants that society likes to use. As he was explaining the five biblical marks of a healthy church, I wish he would have addressed what happens to a church that follows the tenets of society. Conclusion This paper has critiqued the article â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.† The author’s discussion in this article clearly lets us know that church should use caution when it comes to evaluating its growth. The marks that should be used to assess the health of the church are spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership. Everything that the church does should be checked by the Word of God. After reading this article, someone may make the claim that the church should do what it has to in order to reach the unbeliever. In my opinion, we as believers are not to let down our beliefs in what God has commanded us to do in order to reach an unbeliever. By all means, we can use Godly tools to witness to them where they are. Selected Bibliography Enns, Paul.The Moody Handbook of Theology.Revised and Expanded. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.†Bibliotheca Sacra,no.158 vol.632 (October – December). http://galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis,ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Paul Enns, The Moody handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded (Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008), 257 [ 3 ]. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. Marks of a Healthy Church. Bibliotheca Sacra 9, no.28 vol. 632 (October – December). http://www.galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). [ 4 ]. Ibid., 468. [ 5 ]. Ibid., 469. [ 6 ]. Gangel, 470. [ 7 ]. Ibid., 474 [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Enns, 359-360. [ 10 ]. MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis, ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 11 ]. Gangel, 467-468. [ 12 ]. Ibid.

Global Economy Essay

This paper sets out global scenario of state of affairs of different major national economies of the world. The emergence of a global economy indicates or presupposes interconnectedness of the different national and regional economies. The formal opening a global economy was started by formation of International monetary fund soon after the world war. Because of this, giving of surplus resources of the wealthy countries to the needy ones supplemented by free trade among nations became a reality thus fostering international brother hood and extenuating war possibilities. After all, wars were mostly for economic reasons though there were ideological excuses being argued for the wars so far held. After seeing that global economy is mainly to reduce regional imbalances, it has been concluded that because of some ideologies though may be real and inevitable due to natural laws, the present tempo of globalizing the economy should not be given up. Global Economy Global economy is what emerged as result of unified free markets of the world following the Bretton Woods Conference by which multilateral trading system characterized by banking regulation and dollarization of the monetary standards and Keynesian economics came into being. International Monetary Fund, International Reserve Bank and other international agreements of the Breton Woods Conference also paved way for growth of Global economy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) also made Global economy an inevitable development. The world trade witnessed an increase of 15 percent each year during the period between 1953 and 1973 which resulted in betterment of individual national economies. Since there was a set back for the United States’ economy after the oil crisis in 1973, Bretton woods system and Keynesian policies lost their importance. After 1973, multinational business organizations started emerging all over the world thus making global economy an irreversible phenomenon. Subsequent revolutions in communications, emergence of computers and fiber-optic technology that facilitated instantaneous international transactions made global economy with practically no national boundaries keeping in view the cost-efficiency alone as the guideline. Globalization and Foreign Direct Investments made global economy as a concomitant feature. (Abrahams) Global Economy signaled transition from economic activity in agriculture to services. Because of this, GDP grew at a rapid rate for OECD and advanced counties. Before the advent of Global economy which gives power to market goods and services across nations, United States of America was controlling the entire economy of the world. Now the power of the U. S. A has been reduced to 25 % of what it was before the emergence of world economy. (economywatch) Hence Global economy is no longer driven by the U. S. though slow down of its economy will hurt some countries according to the economist Ed Yardeni of Yardeni Research, New York. Many countries from China to Persian Gulf States have strengthened their economies by paying off their external debts and built up their huge cash reserves to boldly absorb any future shocks to their economies as opined by Maria-Laura, Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt. The BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries are busily engaged in acquiring consumer goods from Cell phones to Cars more than the U. S. as reported by Jim O’Neil of Goldman Sachs. This has been a blessing for Japan and South Korea that supply to these countries steel, heavy equipment and construction materials. In particular, China has been building steel mills and petrochemical plants reflecting in the order books of Seoul based Hyundai Heavy Industries. Europe is no exception. It supplies cars and machines tools to Asia and Middle East as observed by Daimler Chrysler’s Chief Executive. India which is not export oriented as China, however wants a stable global economy in general and a stable U. S. economy in particular as opined by the Chief Executive of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd who manufacture cars and tractors in India with $ 4. 5 billion annual turnover. In a way all-round growth in global economy would be good for the U. S. also in due course because of its earnings that come from its overseas enterprises. In fact the recession in the Housing sector of the U. S. is being offset by the 29% of its current trend of corporate profits as against the 20% at the beginning of this decade. Hence America’s reduced direct role in the global economy need not be viewed with dismay. (Reed Staley 2007) G8 Summit 2007 The Summit Declaration of 7 June 2007 by G 8 countries has announced its agenda for Global Growth and stability. Para two of the declaration says that though global economy is in sound condition, readjustment of imbalances has not been fully achieved as it would take equally longer time for readjustment as it took for building up. As in Para 3 of the declaration, the strategy of G8 for readjustment of global imbalances has resulted in the U. S having stepped its drive for augmenting domestic savings to reduce its federal budget deficit, Canada and Europe having been witnessing growth in employment, domestic demand and budget surpluses besides structural reforms in Europe in particular. In Japan too, there has been ongoing structural reforms and consolidation of fiscal measures for a sustainable economic growth. As for Russia, it has for the last seven years achieving domestic consumption resulting in sound economic development due to its macroeconomic policies and fiscal management. The declaration further says in Para 4, that outside member countries in Asia have also set in motion flexible exchange rate systems and financial strengthening conducive to readjustment of global imbalances. Oil exporting countries have stepped their investment on oil production and have considerably increased their imports also. The declaration states that as cross-border investments are the key to the development of global economy, the members are committed to maximizing the said investments. The G8 will meet again in 2009 to review the progress it has made towards achieving these objectives. Leaders from the countries of Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa who had attended the G8 summit at Heiligendamm, were taken into confidence by G8 member countries that global imbalances should be rectified by their joint efforts recognizing that individual efforts will not yield results. The new partnership between G8 and the above said countries have agreed on a ongoing dialogue on four issues namely 1)promotion and protection of innovations, 2) making available an open investment conditions towards improving the freedom in investments couples with social responsibility commitments, 3) adopting a common responsibility towards development of Africa, and 4) knowledge sharing in the areas of reduction of CO2 emissions, tackling the effects of climate change in line with conference talks at Gleneagles and St. Petersburg. (G8 Summit 2007) Advantages Global economy enables achieving large-scale economies with the industrial sector enjoying the advantages of obtaining labour, capital and technology at low cost. Besides it has brought about global peace and peaceful coexistence. (economywatch) Disadvantages Because of proliferation of transportation across the world, environmental problems such as increased carbon emissions, noise levels have arisen. Domestic labours lose their jobs due to comparative advantage reasons. (economywatch global economy) Global economic trends This economy largely revolves round advanced countries such as U. S. , U. K. , France, Germany, and Japan. In addition neo-rich countries and emerging economies like China, India, Brazil, Mexico and Argentina have also been causing ripples in the world economy. Recession in the U. S. economy is still continuing though it is being down played. During the period of 1970 to 2001 agricultural activities fell by 2% in advanced countries and by 11% in developing countries. Though 55% of the population is engaged in agriculture in developed countries, due to excessive labour and low productivity, contribution to total output is low. On the other hand in the case of China, a developing country where though 45 % of the population is engaged in agriculture, contribution to the total output i. e. GDP is 12 %. ( economywatch-global economy)

Medical Ethics and Recognizing the Higher Faculties of Humans Assignment

Medical Ethics and Recognizing the Higher Faculties of Humans - Assignment Example Written by Mitch Albom in 1997 to pay for his favorite teacher’s medical bills (CNN, 2001), â€Å"Tuesdays With Morrie† has sold more than 1 million copies and is one of the top literature used to teach and cultivate critical thinking skills in undergraduate health care courses. The novel tackles the true story of Morrie Schwartz, a sociology professor of Brandeis University who developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or more commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. It is a summary of the weekly conversation between the author and Morrie which dealt with issues such as marriage, family, relationships, culture, love, emotions, forgiving, aging and death. Mitch described it as their â€Å"last class together†¦[where they] talked all day about what’s important in life once you know you’re going to die† (CNN, 2001). The book is often categorized as a biographical and philosophical novel and is read for entertainment but it also provides different insights for medical practitioners. Over the years, it has served as a guide towards understanding health equity, and social justice in health care. Its lessons about aging and dying provides readers with a unique approach towards dealing with individuals who are terminally ill. The story raises various moral dilemmas, perhaps the most important of which is the understanding of death. In the book, Morrie remarks, â€Å"Everyone knows they’re going to die, but nobody believes it† (Albom, 1997, p.76). This was a comment not only about the fear of death, but also, the lifestyles that people live. Morrie believed that most Americans do not prepare for death, hence they are unable to appreciate their lives. He expounds, â€Å"[M]ost of us walk around as if we’re sleepwalking. We really don’t experience the world fully, because we’re half asleep, doing things we automatically think we have to do† (Albom, 1997, p. 77). People prioritize work over their families because they think they need money in order to enjoy life, but in the process, they waste their time working, never realizing that their families are moving on without them. People have become so involved in materialistic things that they never really appreciate the beauty of nature, â€Å"the loving relationships we have, the universe around us, we take these things for granted† (Albom, 1997, p. 78). Morrie’s insights were unique in that it talks about the failure of the American culture to provide its people with a sense of purpose. The American belongs to a society of consumers – their homes, cars, and bank accounts determine their success. Hence, early in life, most people are already conditioned to work hard in order to fulfill their economic needs. For Morrie, people waste their time running after things that does not provide them with purpose. He says to Mitch,

Catfish noodling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catfish noodling - Research Paper Example To be specific, those who indulge in noodling must know swimming and other techniques related to it. Similar to other sports items, noodling requires team effort. Robert Z. Cohen states that, â€Å"Noodling has become so popular in the South that the Okie Noodling Festival is held annually at Pauls Valley, Oklahoma† (29). One must not misunderstand that noodling is a simple technique. Instead, noodling requires physical fitness, experience, and basic knowledge on flathead catfish. Besides, these who indulge in this activity make use of their bare hands, but no other tools. If the flathead catfish is spotted within deep rivers/lakes, the process of noodling becomes more interesting. Some experienced noodlers catch fish which are living in underwater caves. So, one cannot ignore the sports value of noodling because the same is a group activity. One can see that the spread of noodling is limited to the scenario of American South. To be specific, noodling is an activity with immense cultural/traditional value. Tim M. Berra states that, â€Å"Local people in the southern United States may capture flat-heads by noodling† (159). The noodlers select others as spotters to spot and chase catfish. The partnership between a noodler/noodlers and spotter will be long-lasting because an experienced spotter can be helpful for a noodler. So, one can see that noodling leads to proper socialization and cohesion among members within the group. As noodling is limited within a specific geographical area (say, American South), it possesses certain cultural characteristics which is symbolic of traditional style of fishing. So, one can see that the socio-cultural significance of noodling is related to its characteristics as a group activity and as a traditional fishing technique. On the other side, modern fishing methods like angling does not require this much effort to catch fish. As the noodlers make use of their hands to catch

Journal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Journal 2 - Essay Example The author suggests that the land he travels is simple, natural, fertile, and prolific. Least Heat Moon describes the environment he travels across as being naturally beautiful and fertile. He also describes the environment by bringing out the ideas of procreation and fertility in the natural environment. He says, â€Å"†¦water bubbled with the froth of sperm and ova.† This indicates the natural fertility and procreation of the natural environment. Thirdly, in his essay â€Å"Forgotten People of the Blue Highways† Heat Moon brings out the idea of racism and differences in colour. He goes through lands inhabited by black people and he notices the differences that people of different colours have against each other. At one point, he notices he was being watched by the police because he was a white man. However, he believes in change, and a man named Walker tells him, â€Å"I know things haven’t changed, but things will change† (Heat,

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example The research could be casual, descriptive or exploratory in nature according to the needs of the organization. After the analysis is done the organization can move on to developing a viable, long term strategy for the organizations’ marketing efforts. The main focus of the strategy is to allow for segmentation and targeting of the desired customer base and deciding on the value proposition that they would be offered in return for becoming their customers. The basic challenge of strategic marketing is, therefore, to manage marketing intricacy, customer and stakeholder expectations and to reconcile with the effects of a varying atmosphere in the context of certain resource availabilities. Strategic Marketing enthusiasts often adopt management concepts to their unique needs. As the basic purpose of both management and marketing is to explore the relationships an industry or organization has with its environment, some of the widely used management tools and frameworks have been ad opted for the marketing process. These would include the industry analysis techniques of Porter and the portfolio matrices (Fahy, Smithee, 1999, p1). Strategic Marketing Management is a field of study in which due consideration is given to understanding the different parts of the marketing strategy and their integration framework for defining and evolving the market which ultimately helps the marketing manager into transforming concepts and theories into practical strategies and action plans for any organization. In Strategic Marketing Management the focus is on the ‘3 Cs’ of the external environment. The competitors, customers and the channel form the three pronged focus of the firms efforts. By searching and providing better solutions to their customers needs and to cater to their demands is the first step for any the organization in designing a product and related marketing strategy. The competitors are important because ultimately they will impact the consumers buyi ng decision and the overall industry profitability, the strategy has to be such as to differentiate and better the position of the company in the eyes of the consumer from the competitor. Finally, the channel or the supplier side of the equation deals with the processes of manufacturing or producing a good for the market and the people that will have to be dealt with during it all. An organization has to be on the lookout for any opportunities or threats which exist because of changes in the 3 Cs environments, and their marketing strategy has to be strong and flexible enough to adept to these changes in a beneficial way. Like any other process, marketing is also subject to the changes in the technological, lifestyle, social and economical trends. Even more so because marketing, ultimately, is designed to and catered for the needs and wants of the people and these depend largely on the time frame and environmental and psychological factors. In the 21st century there are some trends w hich have slowly become a stronghold in of the modern markets and for the prudent organizations, their strategy has to be managed to accommodate these trends. There is a cynicism prevalent in today’s consumer which makes them check and double check the claims that a company is making about their product or service. They are self conscious about the decisions they make, ethically motivated, passionate about eco friendly practices and generally more

Global Career Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Career Paper - Essay Example Marketing departments face global competition resulting into the need to come up with diverse marketing strategies in the dynamic global environment. This result into the organizations involved to revise their marketing programs. However, there is a problem that a marketing strategy that has resulted into business success in a certain period may not work in the next period and may even result in to bankruptcy. Many organizations have succeeded in extending their sales and supplies in the global market resulting into the transmission of ideas in all corners of the world. As a result, such organizations are able to face a broader marketing environment, which is more complex than ever before. From this globalization has resulted into various benefits for such organizations: Possibility of coming up with a unique brand name and identity for the globalized company. As a result, there is a significant reduction in costs of communication by the organizations targeting the same consumer segments for the same product. Globalization has also benefited consumers and the targeted countries as a whole, which has resulted into such consumers getting high quality products and services. The countries, on the other hand are able to increase their foreign exchange (Ionut and Iulia 169). There is a negative effect in centralization of the organizational activities, which can result into slowing down of the marketing decisions of the organizations, which can result into slow reaction to specific problems facing consumers and inability to deal with competition. Consumers may lack the intended customer satisfaction that is brought about by too much standardization of products. Countries, on the other hand, may lack the required identity and the spirit of national culture. I would be interested in working with other countries while based in the United States. The reason is that such exposure would lead into development of creative problem solving skills

Modeling and Role Modeling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modeling and Role Modeling - Essay Example One of those foundation theories was Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Modeling is gaining an understanding of the clients world from the clients perspective. It assumes that all humans want to interact with others and quality holistic care is one of the goals. The propositions are the degree to which development tasks are resolved and is dependent on the degree to which human needs are satisfied and the ability to cope is directly related to the level of need satisfaction. It enhances the nurses ability to understand the worldview of adolescents and to use this gained understanding to design health education programs that address the adolescents development needs (Bray, 2005). The theory enables nursing to care for and nurture each client with an awareness of and respect for the individuals uniqueness and focus on that clients needs. Clients have the intelligence and ability to understand what has made them sick as well as what the plan is to make them well. Let's take the example of a young person who is admitted to the hospital with diabetes. She is readmitted regularly because she is out of control. When the nurse sits down to talk with her about her diabetes, she says she just wants to be like her friends and she does not want to say she can't have it when they go for a hamburger and fries. She just wants to feel normal. In this case, according to Erickson's model, the patient needs to be understood in her world, not in the world of the nurse (Arruda, 2005). When placing the nurse in that world she understands the pressure to be like her friends and try not to worry about her diabetes all the time. The nurse determines two interventions. She talks wit h the nutritionist to come up with a diet plan for the patient that would include the kinds of foods that a young person of that age likes to eat and she talks with the doctor about the possibility of an insulin pump. The nutritionist does come up with a plan that meets the young lady's needs and leaves some open space that she could fill with something like a shake if she went out with friends. An insulin pump is put in place (Sappington, 1996). The nurse has accomplished filling the patients needs while also assuring her understanding and buy in to meeting the needs of her disease This would of course be measured by the patient maintaining control and not being readmitted which she has not. There are five common goals of this theory and each of them was met in this case. Those goals are building trust, promoting positive orientation, promoting perceived control, promoting strengths and setting health directed mutual goals. Nursing retention is one of the greatest issues in healthcare today, with ageing nurses, and a shortage of new nurses, everyone wants to keep the ones they have. Modeling/ Role Modeling lends itself well to leadership decisions in healthcare. The client is the center of the theory. In this case, the client is the nurse. In understanding the nurses world we find what are the things that she needs most. We use Maslow's hierarchy of need and the five common goals of all interventions which again are trust, promoting positive orientation, promoting perceived control, promoting strength and setting directed mutual g

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example It specifically aims at integrating both theoretical and practical approaches to render a holistic understanding of the probable impacts. The paper in this connection aims to focus on a consumer branded company like Dulux. Marketing mix elements of the company would be studied along different parameters related to product, brand, advertising among others top reflect their impacts upon the buying behaviour of the consumers in the global paint market. Marketing Mix Stimuli of Dulux Concept of Marketing Mix Stimuli Marketing Mix of any Consumer Brand is generally constituted of parameters like Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Each of the different elements related to the Marketing Mix create a different stimulus on the consumer pattern and behaviour. Designing of specific attributes related to the marketing mix elements tends to considerably influence the psychological, behavioural and the social and cultural elements of the purchaser and thereby governs the decision-making process related to purchases. The influence of marketing mix on the consumer decision making process finally gives rises to different types of stimuli related to the choice for a particular brand, the amount of products to be procured, timings and the process of procuring such products among others (Lantos, 2010, p.314). The set of marketing stimulus generated owing to the composition of such different marketing mix elements leading to the emergence of final purchase decisions is reflected in terms of the S-O-R or the Stimulus-Organism-Response Model as is rendered below. Figure 1 (Lantos, 2010, p.314) The Case of Dulux The study of the marketing mix stimuli for Dulux would be conducted based on analysing the efficacy and the impact of the consumer brand depending on parameters related to product, brands, advertisements, packaging and point-of-purchase displays. Analysis of the brand depending on the above parameters would contribute in getting a holistic picture of the marketing mix elemen t of the consumer brand. Products The product range of Dulux encompasses several sub-products that contribute in the painting and designing of both the interior and exterior parts of a building. Different types of paints and colour solutions are rendered for the same that in turn help the consumer to choose from a wide array of different products. Similarly other products for the designing of walls and other wooden products are also featured by the company (Dulux, 2012). Brands The marketing mix of Dulux again is constituted by a host of different brands that in turn contribute in offering a total paint solution to the customer in terms of best colours, coatings, textures and also in rendering refinishing products for needs of painting an automobile. The range of aesthetic beauty coupled with finishing products for timber and automobiles contribute in creating avid consumer attention (Dulux, n.d.). Advertisements The advertisements of Dulux focus on creating a high sense of consumer appeal through the process of rendering considerable creativity and innovation. Advertisements of

Management and Leadership Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management and Leadership Paper - Essay Example These activities are a wide array of functions being performed in different shapes. The scope of management is quite broad and it curtails various activities, namely planning organizing, staffing controlling and leading. Individual members are being assigned for it who perform their duties according to the requirement (Kreitner, 2008). Comparison between Management and Leadership: While different units of management can be defined separately, the scope of management quite broader compared to the leadership. Leadership involves only the leading function, management involves various other functions which partly covers the leaders’ roles and responsibilities at the same time. The umbrella of management applies both the personnel involved and the activities undertaken. While personnel enable performing these activities, the resources are worked upon by the man power. Hence the spectrum of management is far wide and broader than the leadership, yet it does not undermine the importa nce of leader and leadership because without it no organization or project can run or survive. Example of a firm in general: Apple Inc is a prime example of successful organization in recent times. It has been brought to this level by its innovative and visionary leader Steve Jobs (Daft & Lane, 2008). It would not be wrong to say that he in modern times delivered and introduced the new forms of leadership that serve as symbol and best example for the modern day challenges and situations an organization is faced with. It is commonly being said that the leader should lead from the front. Be it practical work, be it ideas and innovation, or be it management and strategies. Steve job’s work and practices are commendable in almost all of the above mentioned disciplines of a organization and its projects. He led through his practical example of innovation. This served as motivation for the other members of the team to think out of the box and deliver something unique in their own c apacity. The best contribution a leader can provide to any organization that he or she is associated with can be in form of leading and performing through practical actions. Besides the leadership, Apple Inc has a successful planning and management strategy in place. The roles are clearly defined. So are the objectives, and the tasks that are to be accomplished. Different sections in form of departments within the company work accordingly. It has the research and development unit, it has the marketing unit; it has the scientific exploration unit. In short it has all the components that are needed to make a successful brand. The company also involves a team of members who work on ideas which are new in nature and of help to the organization. In other words keeping a team which thinks ahead of other competitors and makes it to the customers earlier than the rest. Organizing: Organizing is the process of assortment of all the activities in the enterprise. It could be the organizing of the schedules, activities, units, previous reports, or even the items and elements that are being used in daily routine. Staffing: This is another important aspect of the management field. It involves inducting the right kind of man at the right place. It may also involve recruiting and screening the individuals and then determining who fulfils the requirements best. Control: Controlling is an essential component of any project and therefore is ranked in priority activities of the entire management process (Havinal &

Theory And Methodology Essay Example for Free

Theory And Methodology Essay One of the primary ways in which social science is defined is in terms of its difference from the so-called ‘pure sciences’ such as physics, chemistry, biology etc. Its use of theory and methodology is, therefore, closely related to this distinction. Social scientists often emphasize what too many of us are utterly obvious, that there is no certainty in the study of social sciences. Unlike in any pure science where certain universal, everlasting rules influence what is to be expected of a situation (like say, under any circumstance 2 + 2 will always be 4) in social science nothing can be taken for absolute certain. This is because social science deals with humanity, which is inherently transient. Taking this element of transience into consideration social scientists have to use not just quantitative but also qualitative methods of study. A Qualitiative method of study differs from the usual quantitative methods (used in the study of pure sciences) in the sense that it tends to be far more subjective. This is in sharp contrast to the methods used in pure sciences which are exclusively objective. The research methods for social sciences are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. An example of such a method is the Intelligence Quotient (or IQ) test which helps us quantify a certain non-specific capacity or quality of an individual. Being open to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i.e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc.) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the terminology used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. (Roberts, 2003) In keeping with the methodology employed in social science researches the theories too are formulated and used keeping in mind that they aren’t necessarily applicable to all conditions. Be it psychology, history, political science or economics human events are most likely to influence the rules which define the basic theories of a social science subject. Success in the field of social science researches can therefore be achieved if and only if it is understood that the subject has no space or opportunity for water-tight methodologies or theories. Reference: Roberts, O M; (2003); Creating Future: An Approach in Tomorrows Perspective; National Book Trust. 244

Identify Current Thinking On Leadership

Identify Current Thinking On Leadership In the last few decade it has been found the relation between the effective leadership style and culture is very critical. For example, the multinational organization like Daimler Chrysler, IBM forces their HR and other department to recognize the culture limitation of the organization and the leadership style. A number of researchers have done their work on understanding the impact of culture on the leadership practices and vice versa (ea.,Gessner, Arnold, Mobley, 1999; Hofstede,1991;house, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, (2004) Leslie Van Velsor,1998). International literature has been reviewed and the generalization of leadership theories being assessed by Dorfmen(2004) and chemers( 1997), both of them found out some mixed result, yet some behavioral like supportive leadership and transnational leadership style result similar across the culture. While the cultural consequences has been observed with directive leadership. From the last fifty years the thinking patterns about the leadership, whether in a board room or in communities has been heavily influenced by mode of heroic leadership. Traditionally the idea about the leadership was considered up to skills, qualities and behavior of individual who forces and influences other to take action and achieve the given task or common goal by using their position and power. But later on as the more studied and research on the topic has been done it has been found that this way of thinking is a mere part of leadership theory and it fail to explain the leadership as a process build by relationship that are dynamic, fluid and non-directive in nature. Leadership understanding is a unique process that requires to think very differently about the changes had taken place and how we work others individual and groups. To understand the Current leadership style and thinking it is necessary to understand the history about it. How it is developed or evolved. Unless by understanding them it is difficult to comment on their evaluation. This paper provides a brief summary of the different style leadership and their relation with cultural implication. A Brief History about Leadership Great Man theories: These theories are based on belief that leaders have some exceptional born qualities in them. Here the term man is used intentionally as it has been observed the leaders of primitive time are male whether from military, politics or king etc. these lead the next school of trait theories. Trait theories: This theory argues that leaders have some common trait among them. It can be said according this theory all leaders are having some common ingredient. Though this theory also fail to explain how the leader e.g. Margaret Thatcher or Winston Churchill with these characteristics fail to perform as a leader. While some despite having those trait became a successful leader. Behavioral theories: These theories are developed to explain the failure of Trait theory, the initial work to develop these theories has been started in 1940 to till 1960. These theories are based on leadership behavior rather than their trait. What leaders do rather than what the quality they have? Different style and pattern of behavior of leaders are analyzed and observed. This is one of the most interested area for practiced managers. (Arnold, Mobley, 1999; Hofstede,1991) Situational Leadership theories: This theory argues that different situation demand different type leadership style. Sometime it requires being autocratic, some time democratic some time participative. It recognizes the demand of situation and a leadership style has to be changed according to situation. It also suggests a different type of leadership style is required within the same organization at different level. Contingency Theory: It can be said it is the advancement of the Situational Leadership theory. Its focus on identifying the situational variable which predict the best suitable style of leadership style for the given situation. Transactional Theory: This theory emphasis the relation between the leader and the follower. It focuses on the mutual benefit and common interest. According to this theory, the leader commits something in return to his/her follower for favoring or following him or her. It is more or less give and take style, hence known as transactional theory as name suggest no bonding after the deliverable. Transformational Theory: The motto here is to change role of leadership by transformation, by motivation, by education, by emotion etc. New leadership theory Relates to Charismatic, Visionary, Transformational. In the 1980s, the new definition of a leader has been given by using the above word. Learning organizations and distributed leadership: All of the theories discussed above take an individualistic perspective of a leader, in current practices a new school of thought is becoming more popular known as dispersed leadership. This approach tells us to distribute leadership spread it across the organization, societies, geography, and politics. This approach sees leadership as a process that is diffused through the cultures, organization, societies rather than laying a few handful of people designated as leader. The locus has been shifted from developing a leader to developing leaderful organization or societies. It is evident from the above theory that none of the theory explains leadership comprehensively. The Distributed leadership practice fight with the idea of difficult time demand a transformational and charismatic leader. To satisfy this need there are a number of themes that are important for systematic analysis of leadership are context, perceived leadership, behavioral requirements, development methods and capabilities.( Dorfmen, 2004;chemers, 1997) Context: A leadership cannot be discussed in isolation it has some external environment some extraneous and variable factor. By considering this factor, a leadership style has to be evolved or developed. For example, the requirement of a government office job is quite different from those required private sector jobs. Alternatively, the requirement for a job academician or researcher the qualities might be different which required for a sales job. Perceived Need: A lot of researches in 1960s suggest that the context lead to the need. However from the late 1940s there has been a technical and social aspect to analysis of organization hence it is not surprising to see that some researchers argument over the ideological aspect to the perceived need for leadership. For example Top management do not buy the idea that people follow them because they have authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they like to feel that they lead because they have the quality to lead (Miller and Form 1964) By putting aside the need of the top manager whether social or psychological and going by the perspective of stakeholders and other staff, the perceived leadership requirement for the situation depend upon the expectation of the individual and group involved as well as from the reality of situation too. It has been found the expectation of people and group themselves be a reflection of the existing belief, culture, and norms. For example leading a service centre is different from leading a audit team. The group members expectation from the leader is different in both the group due the culture, knowledge, belief and practice both the group follow. Hence affect the effective leadership style. Behavioral Requirements and competencies The leaders require having some behavioral requirement and competencies. Many models have been suggested to define these requirement and competencies. Though these three are common among them. Cognitive: Drawing the big picture and making direction to modify it. Making change happen: This quality talk about motivational skills and get the work done from the subordinate Inter-organizational: To work with the college and partner and create a healthy environment Current Thinking Transformational Leadership (TL) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) are the most popular views in the current moment. Though it cannot be suggested that they are right because they are popular rather they are right because indeed a lot of research and scholars work has been done on both the views and they explain the leadership up to a great extent in current scenario. (Miller and Forum 1964) Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is more than transaction leadership. Anderson, TD(1992) talk transforming leadership is about vision, planning, communication and creative action which has a positive and motivating effect on the group and individual under a clear set of values and beliefs, to accomplish a desired measureable goals. This transforming moves similarly impact on the personal development and the productivity or corporation. It can be said the heart of transformational leadership is inspiring vision. The transformational leaders motivate people to achieve beyond expectation for the interest of group, corporation, and society on the verse of personal interest. TL makes a positive impact on morality, empowerment and motivation of an individual and group. (Routledge, 2006; Transformational Leadership; pg 34-38) The main characteristics of a TL is discussed by various leaders is highlighted below. Charismatic: Charismatic is a metaphor like a role model whom other follow and strive to emulate those characters who align the other people around a common goal and purpose. Inspirational: This word talks about the leadership quality, which provides the meaning and optimism about the common goal and its attainability. Intellectually Stimulating: This quality of the leader encourage the follower to develop a leader within them and verify the basic assumption involved in a project and consider the problem from a unique and new perspectives. Individually considerate: This quality of leader explain how leader work in a team, work with their follower , find out their need, figured out their self interest and develop their potential and how to enhance their expectations. A study conducted by Tom Peters found that TL leaders in the public sector where they took off their interest from the financial, management issue and government out target have had to go. On the other hand it can be said great characters are likely to have great weaknesses too, which lead to hamper their position, their colleagues, their followers and their organizations too. Although the above stanza portray the negative image of a transactional leader, but it cant be generalized because in the last decade it has been observed TL has moved beyond the Great Leader to distributed leadership and has been became a more balanced towards recognizing the importance of good management. Here the emphasis is given on the result, the process, the practices and a continuous learning environment for an individual and the for the group too. (John Storey Michael Fullan; Leading a cultural change) Emotional Intelligence (EI) Daniel Goleman has researched and written about the term a lot. According to him this term and its application to leadership behaviors to neuroscience in a manner that correlate human thinking and feeling and explain how our right brain concurs over the left. Hence to be a emotionally intelligent leader it is prerequisite to be self aware and self managed. The term given to this awareness is personal competences. Goleman found in his research that people with high EI score are more successful than the people who have lower EI. The Youngsters who were low on Emotional intelligence were prone to criminology. Hence Goleman has proved EI is a consideration of leadership. The social completeness the most critical for a leader comes from the development of the persona competences. These talk about social awareness and relationship management. A set of competencies lead to emotional intelligence. These skill set give the power the of understanding the persons ability, control and monitor his or her emotion efficient and effectively and to read the others and then manage and influence the other emotional state (Caurdon, 1999; Goleman, 1998). Goleman explain it within five dimensions. The following are the set behavioral attributes of the each area. Self- awareness the key stone of emotional intelligence, it is the ability of any individual to recognize the feeling of him or her and is to make an actual self- assessment and self-confidence. Self- Management is the art of controlling the disruptive emotions and to controls the impulses. Keep maintain the standards of honesty and integrity, be comfortable with the novel approaches and ideas and take the responsibility of somebody else performance. Motivation is the ability of a leader to influence the other people to outperform or facilitate towards the common goal. It consists of achievement, commitment, initiative, and optimism. Empathy word describes how a leader involved in the feelings, perspectives, concern and needs of the other. How a leader understands the problem of follower and rectifies them. Social Skills are basic to emotional intelligence. They include the persona of a leader his ability to get the desirable response from the others by communicating or presenting his or her viewpoint in a manner that is to be accepted by individuals and societies, inspire the individual and groups, nurturing the relationship, and working towards the common goal by creating group synergy. Past decade we have seen many leaders having great EI got succeeded in their life. Though it has been a topic of debate among emotional and intelligence which quality is more important for a leader. It can be said these two qualities are not complementary for a leader rather than these are supplementary quality. These work together, because an emotional leader has to be intelligent too or an intelligent leader has to be emotionally intelligent too. Culture Culture can be defined as knowledge, belief, idea and behavior, shared attitude, values, goal, and practices, custom and ritual performed by any individual and group or societies. The meaning of culture has been changed with the passage of time and from context to context. In early eighteenth and nineteenth century in Europe culture is considered as the improvement in cultivation, in the same way it had various definition with time to time. These points can be said about the culture. (John Story and Michel Fullan) A phenomenon wave, which surround us Culture itself tells us how it is evolved and helps us to understand its creation, development, manipulation and management. A leadership cannot be defined in isolation without considering the cultural. To understand and an organization or society it is imperative to understand its culture. Culture is a combination of customs and rights. Good managers must know and understand the customs and rights. Each organization has their own set of belief and standard referred as culture. As an outsider approach to any organization he needs to understand the culture at first of the organization or society. It Consist of the language, customs, traditions, standards and values, published and publicly announced values, philosophy, rules in organization, group interaction, thinking pattern, paradigms and shared knowledge for socialization and symbols meanings. Leader must adopt and suit their style according to situation and culture in which they operate. For example what works in china may or may not be likely to work in Canada or France. One can be effective in Canada by humiliating the departmental store employee but thats not guarantee that it will be applicable to Japan and India. As different individual needs different treatment based upon their culture. If humiliated employee leave the organization hence it creates more difficulties for a leader as he need to hire another one train him hours and to tell him process and systems and it will take some time for the employee to get acquainted with the new organization. National Culture affects the leadership style due to that a leader cannot choose their style at their own wish. There are some societal constraints over that. For example in Korea a leader is expected to be caring about their follower while in the Arab a leader is who shows kindness and generosity without being asked is considered by other Arab as week. In Japan leaders are expected to be humble and participative in common forum. Consisting with the contingency approach, a leader need to adjust their working style according to the aspect the organization, industry and culture in which they operate. For example a manipulative or altercative style is compatible with high power distance, like Russia, Spain, Far East, Latin Countries and Spain. While a participative style is most likely to be associated with culture with low distance like Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Power distance ranking is a good indicator of employee willingness to accept of participative or autocratic leadership. (Globe Project) Conclusion No theory or model is able to explain and provide a satisfactory explanation of leadership. Indeed there is no common consensus on the meaning or definition of leadership among all theory and scholars in first place. Most of the theory is extension or improved version of the pervious theory or partial explanation of leadership within itself. Many theories are based on personal or even limited, biased research referring to particular philosophical or ideological points of view. As a researcher get the answer of the question as he or she asks. As per Yukis wide-ranging review of the leadership literature in 1989 most of the theories are conceptually weak and lack in strong empirical support. Numbers of empirical studies on leadership has been done but the result are most of the time are contradictory or inconclusive. A related shortcoming of the current leadership is the separation of tracks like cognitive, emotional, spirituality and behavioral aspects. None of the theories and model has been reviews except servant leadership theory address the spiritual element of peoples life. Some theory is superficial like research by the industrial society in 1996. Though its debatable whether leadership affects the culture or culture affect the leadership, as both are interrelated they cannot run in isolation of each other. A leader cannot be successful if he does not follow the culture norms. Or if the leader is so much powerful then he can spoil the culture and create a new society or culture. But history has proved even the government, king and leader who autocratic and tries to implement their ideas and thought without understanding the demand of society or culture fail to perform. Hence it is very imperative to be any leader to align their leadership style with the culture of particular society and what the time demand.

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects What is the Corporate Social Responsibility? business encompass the economic, legal ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisation at given point in time. [Carroll A B 1979 (497-505) a three dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance; a academy of management review]  ²societal expectation of corporate behaviour, a behaviour that is alleged by a stakeholder to be expected by society or morally required and is therefore justifiably demand of a business ². [ Whetten D.A.Rands, G. Godfrey P {2002} what are the responsibility of business to society]. To be a socially responsible corporation, a company must be more than legal and ethical person also. CSR is not always a legal necessity; increasingly it is an obligation. However a company has to be socially responsible even though it is not a legal obligation The corporate behaviour pyramid: [Aras G Crowther D (2008); The social obligation of corporation; Journal of Knowledge Globalisation1 (1), 43-59] The shareholder view: The social responsibility of a business is to make profit. (Friedman) The justification for this are: Pursuing profit will result in increase employment, generate economic growth, stimulate innovation, increase the tax take and generally raise living standards. Making profit is therefore itself a public good and is a sufficient purpose of business. Directors should be acting on behalf of shareholders. CSR too often means that directors are being charitable with other people money. Shareholders are free to use their dividends to contribute towards CSR if they wish. Business is not competent to deicide moral and ethical matters. Where is the domestic connection between what a business decides to spend money and efforts on and where that money and efforts are actually needed or wanted by society? Are CSR projects chosen simply because they are areas where directors, or their spouses, are personally interested? (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The longer-term self-interest view: It is in the long-term economic self-interest of business to act in a reasonably responsible manner. (Drucker) Failure to do so will prompt legislation. Failure to do so will damage the business and even the industry. The public relations and enhancement of reputation arising from CSR will increase profit in the long term. CSR is therefore seen and justified as expenditure that helps to generate long term profits. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The stakeholder view: This view assumes that shareholders are simply one stakeholder among many, and that their interests are not necessarily paramount. There may be circumstances where shareholder interest has to be sacrificed for the greater good of other stakeholders. Quite how it is decided which stakeholders deserve generosity at any particular time is not clear. There is a danger that the stakeholders that benefit are those with most power which is not necessarily the same as the stakeholders who might deserve attention. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) Workplace: The British Airways develop to supply a working environment that motivates, engages, supports and develops their colleagues. The intend of airline workplace is to encourage their colleagues to be committed to corporate responsibility and all colleagues onboard one destination. The airline is trying to work with new way. The airline aspiration to be the best is by safety of the people and functioning excellence with culture values. Equality and Diversity: Legislation, voluntary codes of practice and equality initiatives have resulted in some progress towards equality of treatment for minority groups at work, but there remains inescapable evidence of continuing discrimination. More recent approaches under the banner of management of diversity include the economic and business case for equality, the valuing and managing of diversity in organisations, culture change and mainstreaming of equality initiatives. (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2005 p.529) The British Airways is committed equal opportunity. Their policies aims to that no job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the basis of their age, sex, creed, disability, full or part time status, nationality, or ethnic origin, race, religion or sexual orientation. Dignity and respect is at the hub of British airways diversity initiatives, focusing on the relationship between colleagues and customer, irrespective of their background, religion or culture. The airline ran a diversity week, holding a series of events to raise awareness of differences to help create a more positive and productive work environment. (International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airline employees 2008. City Business Library London) (http://www.iata.org/membership/airline_members_list?All=true) Employee retirement age: It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against someone on the grounds of age, i.e. against someone of a particular age or someone in any age band. The age discrimination legislation provides for a default retirement age of 65. Compulsory retirement ages below 65 are unlawful unless objectively justified. In addition, employees have the right to request to work beyond that age. Employers have a duty to consider such requests. (www.businesslink.gov.uk) The airline make an effort to fulfill new Age Decimation Act, The airline were operating crew and pilot retire age 55 but now are 60 and in future it will be exceed to 65. Training programmes: The airline deliver 211 to 215 days of training during the year, including 4,500 training days to cabin crew to enable them to deliver the very highest level of services to our customer travelling in premium cabin and 2,248 days to ground staff. Online mandatory training course for all colleagues was introduced this year. The premium services training programme allows approximately 11,000 cabin crew to receive expert training on services and the food and beverages offered on First, Club World and Club Europe. Development programmes: Strategy of airline is to develop workplace at level which leads the business through on current challenging operating environment. High Performance Leadership (HLP) is embedding a high performance culture amongst airline leader. The leadership capabilities that are needed to lead the business were defined and communicated and individuals performance against measured during the year. The capabilities are communicating a common vision, agreeing accountabilities and motivating and inspiring other. Employee induction: The purpose of induction in organisation to settle the new employee as quickly and efficiently as possible. The airline is trying to achieve the objective of induction and have introduced a new process to ensure that this happens. Employee relation: The airline is working with total of three trade unions demonstrating colleagues across the business. The new Human Resources (HR) model has been implemented. HR business partner now focus on good people management and employee relation and are responsible for day to day industrial relation matters. In addition, 15 effective IR (Interpersonal Relation) skills workshops were provided throughout the year, with 118 delegates presence. Line manager and trade union representatives were able to come together at these workshops to focus on joint problem solving. A further 75 manager attended our new introduction to industrial relation courses. Reward: The carriers cabin crew could see their pay docked by up to  £5,000 each as part of proposals put forward by the airline to cut costs. BA wants to cap the amount its 14,000 crew members can claim in allowances for working long haul flights. The proposal is in addition to changes to working practices that BA will impose from next month (Time online 28 October 2009) The British Airways is claiming in Corporate Responsibility report 2008-2009 that the airline developing good salary structure in the organisation help to create an environment that encourages sustainable high performance. The airline developed salary structure not only that salary costs can be managed more effectively, but also that salaries are internally equitable across roles and differences in roles and differences in responsibility, skill and performance can be recognised and reward. The airline is also functioning bonus scheme using a of financial and non financial performance indicator. Since 2005 airline Employees Reward Plan (ERP) has allowed non management employees to share in the success of the business based on achievement of corporate measures and targets. However, due to unfavourable trading condition, the scheme did not manage in 2008/2009. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Marketplace: Market is human activity directed at satisfying need and wants through exchange processes (Kotler, 1986, p-6) There are two main pillars of marketplace customer and supplier. The airline is encouraging commitment to corporate responsibility and to build sustainable business. The airline is operating over 33 million customers and 2000 supplier. The airline is focusing on customer and supplier to secure the position as a global premium airline. 1-Supplier Its social responsibility for the airline to pay its supplier according to term. In reference that the airline paid their supplier on average, 91 per cent were on time in the UK for the year ended March 31, 2009.The airline aim to exceed in next year. The airlines are party to the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) code of practise on supplier payment and are dedicated to paying the supplier on agreed term. The number of days purchases in creditors at March 31, 2009 is calculated in accordance with the provision of the companies Act 1985 and was 32 days (2008: 33 days). The airline carry on to reduce the carbon footprint with the acquirer of environmentally capable aircraft (A380) and airline will have taken delivery of its first three by the end of June with a further 36 aircraft on order. Particular concern has been given to ensuring environmentally efficient and lightweight materials will be used in the construction of both. The airline also working in long term with Grundon, using their energy from waste plant to produce electricity for the National Grid 2-Customer In the market place customer are broken down into group with different ideas of what they want. The largest group is the one looking for a low-price, no frills services- but of course low prices often go hand in hand with low profits. The group who are prepared to pay for exceptional quality small, but probably more profitable as individual. The company has to decide where its own strengths lie in terms of meeting customer expectation, and then decide whether it is able to meet the needs of its chosen target group better than the competition can do it (Jim Blythe, Principle Practice of Marketing, 2005, p-178) In these different groups of customer the British airways lies in the group D, which customer are willing to pay more for exceptional quality, because the airline are operating at premium services. Premium customer also wants reliability and consistency in the services and customer also like the increased flexibility and the wider choice of movie, TV programmes, audio and interactive games. The main problem is that the airline failure to achieve the profit in the particular segment. British Airways World Cargo continues to focus on providing premium products. The airline people play a crucial role in providing the upgrade travel experience. They are committed to excellent services and are investing heavily in training customer facing colleagues. Some of customers are unhappy because the British Airways will start charging passengers up to  £60 to reserve a seat as part of the airlines plans to cut costs and increase revenues. (Time online, 25 September 2009) British Airways focuses on offering online services to retain old customers and to attract new customers. It has made several upgrades to the e-services offered on its website, www.ba.com.The online portal is helping British Airways to drive down costs and increase revenues. Almost a third of all the companys bookings are made on ba.com, with almost half of all European leisure fares sold via the UK site, as a testimony to its popularity with customers. The customers are also provided with the option to book hotels and hire cars through the website. In FY2009, the company introduced a new feature allowing customers to upgrade their booking at any time between buying a ticket and checking-in online. British Airways had launched a new service, allowing customers to check-in or access real time arrivals and departures information through their mobiles. Therefore e-services help the company to attract more customers, enabling it to generate more revenues its allows airline customer to offset the carbon emissions of their journey with all proceeds going towards UN-certified emission reduction projects. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Community welfare programmes: Philanthropy encompasses those corporate actions that are in response to societys expectation that businesses be good corporate citizens. This includes actively engaging in acts or programs to promote human welfare or goodwill. Examples of philanthropy include business contributions to local communities, building education centre and charitable donations (Carrols model, ACCA text book P1 Professional Accountant) The airline continues to promote the community which one of the stepped to build a Community Learning Centre (CLC). Around 50,000 young people and adult learners on range of education programmes since its opening in 1999.The course are run in the Community Learning Centre with partnership of the United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) focus on information and communication, Technology and the environment. The airline staff including (retired 3,500 and current) donated over  £630,000 ,their chosen charities through the airline giving Scheme directly from their payroll and airline also supported Children in Need and Red Nose Day across the airline raising over  £13,000 for charities in the UK and Overseas. Preceding years BA fun run raised in excess of  £55,000 for Cancer Research UK; during 2008/09 the airline World Cargo team collected and delivers over 95 tonnes of high quality gift, donated by employees from across the airline. The airline working with partnership United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has raised over  £26 million since in 1994 and has changed the lives of helpless children across the world. The a (Source: www.britishairways.com) Environment programmes British Airways impact on the environment involves the following: Climate Change The Climate Change Programme is CSR because it is about taking actions to reduce its impact on the environment. Climate change is a growing threat to the environment and to societies everywhere. British Airways actions on climate change go beyond compliance, demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change. The British Airways climate change programme is focused on the following main areas: 1-Long term CO2 target: The airline develop long term plan to reduce CO2 by require the improvements in operational efficiency, investments in new aircraft technology, development of sustainable aviation fuels and investments in low emission technology in other sector of the economy through carbon trading. This trading is illustrates in figure below 2-EU and UK Emission Trading System (EU ETS): Airline will be fully sheltered by the EUs Emission Trading System from January 2012.The British Airways emission target has been set at 97 per cent of average annual emission in the reference period from 2004 to 2006. From 2013 the target is tightened to 95 per cent. British Airways set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over the five years 2002-2006. In 2004 the company agreed with the UK government to increase the voluntary target. 3-Carbon Efficiency: The airline is continuous try to reduce carbon by removing unwanted items from the aircraft to reduce the fuel burn, by developing light weight aircraft and modifications and simple changes such as the IFE spares pack removal, modifications to the World Traveller seats and the removal of the air stairs on 737 aircraft have already generated savings in excess of 6,500 tonnes of CO2. Carbon efficiency shows in following from 2006 to 2008. Airline is also developing procedure for the aircraft to taxi-out to the runway with an engine shout down wherever possible. This reduces fuel burn, CO2 and NOx emission. As comparison with Virgin Atlantic airline, on 24 February 2008 its become the first airline in the world to operate a commercial aircraft on bio fuel blend. The Boeing 747 flew a short flight from London to Amsterdam, using a 20% bio fuel and 80% kerosene blend in one of its four engines. Carbon Footprint: The airline is using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol corporate standard to measure the carbon footprint. The GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Protocol Corporate Standard provides standard and guidance for companies and other organizations preparing a GHG emissions inventory. It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol- carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard) The below graphs represent how the airline manage its carbon footprint year by year. Global ground emission footprint: The airline global ground operation generated a footprint of 164,535 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, arising from our building, vehicles and ground equipment. Global ground emission footprint (tonnes of CO2) (Source: www.britishairways.com) British Airways producing 8% (1,626,262/ 20,670,517) CO2 emission of the total airlines. Virgin Atlantic Airways producing 1.8% (372,552/20,670,517) CO2 emissions of the total airlines in world. C02 emission by sector aviation is second highest CO2 emission producing in the world and most one energy industries. 5-Noise and Air Quality: Quota count is a system used by Londons Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movements Noise restrictions for a plane during take-off: 94 decibels (Maximum level) during the day. (Add times) 7am 11pm 89 decibels (Maximum level) in the shoulder period. (Add times) 6am -7am and 11pm to 11.30pm 87 decibels (Maximum level) at night. (Add times) 11.30pm to 6am These limits set by the Department of Transport (DfT) apply at 6.5km from the start of the roll, i.e. the point on the runway where the plane starts to move in order to take off. Planes that break the noise limits on departure at specific locations are fined by BAA:  £500 for the first 3 decibels over the limit and  £1,000 above that. (Source: BAA website 2008) EPNdB over 101.9 = 16 Quota Count EPNdB 99 101.9 = 8 Quota Count EPNdB 96 98.9 = 4 Quota Count EPNdB 93 95-9 = 2 Quota Count EPNdB 90 92.9 = 1 Quota Count EPNdB less than 90= 0.5 Quota Count EPNdB less than 87 is exempt =0 Quota Count (^ National Air Traffic Services (2007-02-02) (PDF). London Heathrow, London Gatwick and London Stansted Airports Noise Restrictions Notice 2007. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/notamfeb2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-28) The airline noise energy has remained the same over the last three years regardless of an increase in the use of our aircraft fleet. The airline continuous achieved noise level of Department of Transport (DFT) which is Quota Count 0.5(EPNdb90-87=0.5 Quota Count) and also the airline has objective is to reduce the average noise per flight by 15 per cent by 2015. Airline already achieved a reduction in NOx emission through the adaption of Boeing 747 (RB211) engines and Boeing 777 (GE90) engines. Its plan to further modify Boeing 737 engines delivering a 20 per cent reduction in NOx. For all routines take off airline use reduced take off thrust which significantly reduce NOx emission. 7-Waste: Currently the airline is developing the procedure to recycling paper, cardboard, plastics, pallets, carpets, batteries, drinks cans and have removed general waste bins in many office areas to encourage recycling and with transporting components, the airlinehave reduced or replaced non recyclable packaging material with recyclable material. A paper crusher is used to produce packaging, which is used to protect aircraft components during transportation. In 2007 airline recycled 35% of its waste at Heathrow and Gatwick (up from 30% last year). (Source: www.britishairways.com) Airline target is the recycling 50% of its waste by 2010 and the amount of annual waste managed through its contracts at Heathrow and Gatwick disposed to landfill reduced by 7.2% from 3,688 tonnes to 3,424 tonnes. At Virgin Atlantic also aim to achieve the recycle or reuse level 50% by 2012. To do this airline are choosing more items that are reusable recyclable or biodegradable and sourcing that use fewer materials. Business ethics What is ethics? Ethics is the set of rule prescribing what is good or evil, or what is right or wrong for people. What is business ethics? Business ethics means honesty, confidence, respect and fair acting in all circumstance. However, such values as honesty, respect and confidence are rather general concepts without definite boundaries. Ethics can also be define as overall fundamental principle and practices for improving the level of wellbeing of humanity. [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 corporate social responsibility,p54] Ethical stances: The extent to which an organization will exceed its minimum obligations to stakeholder (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington) British Airways is committed to the highest standard of corporate behaviour from its Directors and employees. British Airways requires its entire people to perform their duties with efficiency and diligence and to always behave to customers and other people alike with courtesy and decorum. British Airways procurement process has strong controls to ensure that any dealings are open and transparent, avoids any suspicion of conflicts of interest, misuse of information and opportunity, confidentiality, fair dealing with customer and suppliers, proper use of company asset, compliance with laws and regulation. Conflict of Interest: A conflict of interest occurs when an individuals private interest interferes or appears to interfere with the interest of the airline. As a matter of airline policy, employees must not leave conflict of interest unresolved unless approved by airline. In particular employees must never use or attempt to use their position at the airline to obtain any improper personal benefit for themselves, for their families, or for any person. Confidentiality: The airline has strict policy that all employees to maintain the confidentiality information about the airline, its customer, suppliers, or joint venture parties. Employees must maintain the confidentiality of all information so entrusted to them, except when disclosure is authorised or legally mandated. Confidential or proprietary information of our Company, and of other companies, includes any non-public information that would be harmful to the relevant company or useful or helpful to competitors if disclosed. Fair Dealing: The airline does not seek competitive advantages through illegal or unethical business practices. Each employee should endeavour to deal fairly with the companys customers, service providers, suppliers, competitors and employees. No employee should take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any unfair dealing practice. Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets: All employees should protect the airline assets and ensure their efficient use. All airline assets should be used only for legitimate business purposes. (source:www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govconduct) Benefit of become good citizen The British Airways can obtain great number of benefit by fulfill the corporate social responsibility policies to the entire stakeholder, including the enhanced airline image (this in itself can lead to increase sales), health and safety benefit, ease of attracting investments and lowered cost of such investments, better community relationship (this can lead to easier and quicker approval of plans through the planning process), improved relationship with regulator, improved morale among workers (leading to higher productivity, lower staff turnover and consequently lower recruitment and training cost), general improved and relationship with customer. In particularly which include; 2009 2008 Goodwill  £m 4  £m 4 No of employees 42098 42121 Passenger revenue  £m 7836  £m 7600 [www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-reportsannual] Impact on key stakeholder What is a stakeholder? Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisation objective [ACCA course book P1 Professional Accountants] The classification of stakeholder There are two main way to classify the stakeholder, Internal v external: Internal stakeholder are those include within organisation such as employees, manager and director etc and where as external stakeholder are such group customer or suppliers who are generally not be of part of the organisation. Voluntary v involuntary: Voluntary those who have choice to engages with the organisation (employees, most customer, suppliers and shareholder) and involuntary those who have not choice to engages with organisation (local communities, neighbours, the nature world, future generation). [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 (p30) corporate social responsibility] The corporate and social responsibility policies of British Airways greatly affect the stakeholders. The stakeholders of British Airways are the key customers, shareholders, employees, trade unions, lenders, Central Government, media, local community, pressure groups, local government and individual householders. I used Mendelowss Matrix for mapping the impact British Airways corporate and social responsibility policies on the stakeholders listed above. High Power Low Key Players E.g. key customer, active major shareholders, trade unions, employees, secured lenders. Involve Keep Informed E.g. Local Government, pressure groups, local media, local community, individual shareholders, individual customers. Consult / Inform Keep Satisfied E.g. Central Government, passive major shareholders, national media. Consider impact of action / inform Minimal Effort E.g. Individual shareholders living nearby. Ignore High Interest Low (ACCA study text-P1 Professional Accountants) Key Players: Key players are those stakeholders who have high interest and have high powers. The organisations strategy must be acceptable to them. Many business customers fly the same route on a regular basis. They want BA to do well so they can continue to use their service. Due to excellence of Terminal 5 the customer recommendations increase 61% to 65% But the shareholder little worried about the company performance because last two years the company was in loss. Keep Satisfied: Keep satisfied are those stakeholders who have low interest and high power to influence the policies of the company. The British Airways behaving these stakeholders are very well because the airline fulfill the requirements, like government and local community need good environment and less carbon emission which the airline successful are reducing carbon by 50% at end of 2050 years. Keep Informed: This group has high interest and low powers in company, but this group can be move to key player Colum. The British Airways ensure before every investment that laws and policy is full fill. Minimal Effort: This group has low power and low interest in the company. As British Airways can ignore them. These are individual shareholder or living near to airports. Conclusion It was a great idea to analysis the corporate and social responsibility policies of a division who is greatly involved in the production CO2 emissions and highly responsible for the climate change. During my research, I came crossways a number of facts, which I believe will help me to give a conclusion of my report. The facts are as under: The company started the operation in 1974 with the name of British Airways. During this period British Airways has build up an image as premium airline through its policies and positive image of its brand in the public. FY2009, Europe, the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 62.5% of the total revenues. I realise that the British Airways are more focus on Corporate Social Responsibility it might be effect on the company financial performance because its made loss in last two years. It is unethically for the sum of shareholder who wants profits from the company. British Airways is well behaving with their employees; who include the Induction, training, health and safety, promotion, high performance leadership, good salary structure and reward (ERP). At market place the British Airways failed to get reasonable profit from customer segment (premium customer), due to the airline did not report profit in last two years. Although the airline maintain good relationship with supplier through follow the code of practise (CBI). The airline maintain the position as Philanthropy (Carroll model), due to the airline continuously support poor world, people and working with UNICEF, UK Cancer and Research. The real fact is that the airline only make plan for reduction of 50% Carbon Emission (CO2) in 2050.But currently the CO2 more than last years. To achieving this objective the airline is need to invest in new aircraft technology, low emission trading project. For this objective the airline have good capita

Imperialism and Its Effects :: History Essay

Imperialism is the policy by which one country takes control of the land of another region. The Age of Imperialism lasted from 1870 to 1914. The development of imperialism mirrors that of industrialization. This is because the two reflect growth and progress. The US was more focused on competing for resources and new markets during this era. Concerns for the US were the economic situations of the Pacific and Caribbean, along with the strategic importances of these areas. Imperialism was inevitable with the growth of industry. In need of materials, countries would take control of other lands. Ethno-centrism became a part of the European state of mind. They felt driven to impose European beliefs and ideas on the conquered territories. This was deemed the "White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling, who was very much against this movement. India was very affected by Europe. Europeans created a scramble for Africa and formed spheres of influence in China. Today, imperialism is much subtler, often in the form of foreign aid to create favorable relations between the two countries. Many nations benefited from imperialistic practices in that they provided an opportunity to modernize. Much of the infrastructure, educational facilities, and hospitals in these countries were built by the imperialist nations controlling them. Along with the positive changes came negative. People were repressed and their cultures were left behind. Because of this, the nationalist movement was sparked.

Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Great Expectations The novel great expectation was finished for the first time in 1860; it was created in weekly instalments in a weekly journal called â€Å"all year round†. The story went on for 36 weeks. This gave the author Charles Dickens few challenges he had to beat to keep the readers interests up. He used cliff hangers and other ways he needed to grab the reader’s attention. Dickens grew up in a small house in Landport, by Portsmouth, on the 7th of February. John his father was a clerk. Charles had a rough childhood, and wasn’t liked by other students due to his fragile body. That’s why he always preferred reading books instead of playing physical games. Much of Dickens hard life is expressed in his novels. The 39th chapter is a pivotal chapter because he uses it as a great changing and turning point. Like pivoting in basketball holding your left foot still on the ground and using your other leg to move around and choose a different direction or move to carry on. Charles uses authoritative and descriptive sentences. In this chapter he builds up drama and creates huge tension. In this chapter he makes the reader remember Pip’s situation. Pip received money but had to leave his family to gain it. Pip moved away and received money on a monthly basis. Dickens reminds us of Pip’s situation the readers feel that an important thing is about to happen. At this point Pip is feeling disheartened and Dickens uses bad climate to project his feelings. When Dickens uses this to project pips situation the reader’s feel sorry for Pip and can comprehend what his going through. Using the weather conditions gives Dickens another aspect on how Pip feels. But they also know he left his family for money making him look slightly guilty. The unsettled weather creates drama and gets the way Pips feels to the readers. Dickens repeats words and uses long sentences constantly this helps creating more tension. Dickens uses academic language and makes the reader more involved using words that can only describe things with the ones his chosen; making the reader involved helps them to interact more with the chapter. The language is altered to the other chapters because this one is filled with tension. As Dickens generates tension the reader’s anxiety and strain also builds up thus making the readers more concentrated into the book. Dickens makes the pressure and tension last a long time using the long sentences and words to keep the readers more intrigued. The atmosphere changes and it becomes silent because no ones ready for what’s about to hit them.

Guilt and Conscience in Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespe

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the theme of guilt and conscience is one of many explored throughout the play. Macbeth, is a well respected Scottish noble who in the beginning of the play is a man everyone looks up to; however as the play progresses he makes a number of bad decisions. Eventually, as a result of his actions he suffers guilt and this plays heavily upon his character until his personality is completely destroyed. Shakespeare uses a range of techniques in order to develop this theme such as, characters, imagery. Shakespeare uses the title character of Macbeth to effectively develop the theme of guilt and conscience in his play. Several times in the play we see Macbeth’s character crumbling as a result of a guilty conscience. At the beginning of the play he meets the witches with Banquo, and this prompts the first step toward killing the King. This helps in developing the theme because we get the idea that Macbeth does not trust the witches, nor does he fully believe them. Unfortunately his ambitious nature gets the better of him and causes him to listen carefully to how he might acquire his kingship. Macbeth feels guilty that he is thinking about killing the King because he’s basing his entire thought upon belief in the ‘evil creatures’. We see this when Macbeth has a soliloquy in which he says, â€Å"Cannot be ill, cannot be good† and also asks himself why the thought of becoming King makes his â€Å"seated heart† knock against his ribs. Macbeth ‘sees’ a bloody dagger in front of him even before he kills the King; this shows that he feels guilty even before the evil deed. He tries to convince himself and his wife that he should not kill Duncan, and at one stage he orders her not to go any further with the deed. Lady Macbeth... ...cally after Duncan’s murder she is haunted by his blood then she goes crazy and eventually kills herself. All of these contribute to the strong theme of guilt and conscience in Macbeth. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth the theme of guilt and conscience is one of the most prominent in the play. It gives life to the play and gives depth to the characters, it makes Macbeth a much more realistic character because we are shown that he is not perfect and still responds to temptation. The results of committing evil acts have such a powerful effect on the human mind, that it is eventually destroyed by it. Macbeth’s destroyed mind is evident when he states, â€Å"O full of scorpions is my mind dear wife!†. Macbeth and his wife, like all of us must live with our own actions; unfortunately his choices make this impossible and light the way to a tragic and dusty death for the Macbeths.

Beowulf and Grendel Comparison

Brooklyn Technical High School  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lhadoen Gyephel E4H- pd. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   04/02/13 Grendel The book Grendel by John Gardner is about a monster, named Grendel, who involves himself with humans. It goes back in time to show the origins of the conflict between them and also to show Grendel’s personal change within. The novel provides the view of the â€Å"monster† that everyone in Beowulf feared and hated.It showcases how certain events and experiences sha ped Grendel, not only as a monster, but as a human and observer. The story focuses on Grendel’s different philosophies of thought. He observes the local humans, the Scyldings’ development as a civilization and as individuals. His first encounters with the outside world are both bewildering and melancholy. His encounter with a bull and humans leads to his search for personal meaning and his desire to torment the humans.All these things show that Grendel is not a monster, but a non-human who possesses human-like qualities, such as emotion and thoughts. Beowulf portrays Grendel as a savage beast, who is solely driven by his nonhuman instincts to torture humans. It gives the reader the feeling that he does not possess the same thought processes as humans do; therefore, he is characterized as a monster. However, in this novel, Grendel’s point of view and thoughts are more developed and deeper than how he is portrayed in Beowulf.The readers get a glimpse of the story through his eyes and it may change their view of Grendel. He is a solitary and disoriented creature who is misunderstood by humans and all those around him. He looks for a place to belong and his quest is to know who and what he is. â€Å"I had become something, as if born again. I had hung between possibilities before, between the cold truths I knew and the heart-sucking conjuring tricks of the Shaper; now that was passed: I was Grendel, Ruiner of Meadhalls, Wrecker of Kings!?But also, as never before, I was alone. † Grendel states this at the end of Chapter 6 and it marks the start of his 12-year war against the humans. It’s significant because it’s Grendel’s step in creating his own identity and place in the world for the first time. It not only indicates that Grendel has a role of the humans’ nemesis but that now, more than ever before, Grendel was alone because he has destroyed the possibility of ever befriending the humans.

Save Ganga Movement

Save Ganga Movement Save Ganga Movement is a widespread Gandhian non-violent movement supported by saints and popular social activists across the Indian States Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in support of a free Ganga. The movement is supported by Ganga Seva Abhiyanam, Pune-based National Women's Organisation (NWO) besides those of many other like-minded organizations and with the moral support from many religious leaders, spiritual and political, scientists, environmentalists, writers and social activists.Ganga Calling – Save Ganga is another such campaign supported by Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action (ICELA) Ganges is the largest and the most sacred river of India with enormous spiritual, cultural, and physical influence. It provides water to about 40% of India's population in 11 states. It is estimated that the livelihoods of over 500 million people in India are dependant upon the river, and that one-third of India's population lives within the Ganges Basin.Despite this magn itude of influence and control by the river over present and future of the country, it is allegedly under direct threat from various man made and natural environmental issues. Pollution River Ganges flows through the most densely populated regions of India passing 29 cities with population over 100,000, 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 100,000, and about 48 towns. A sizable proportion of the effluents in Ganges are caused by this population through domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation.Countless tanneries, chemical plants, textile mills, distilleries, slaughterhouses, and hospitals contribute to the pollution of the Ganges by dumping untreated toxic and non-biodegradable waste into it. It is this sheer volume of pollutants released into the river every day that are causing irreparable damage to the ecosystem and contributing to significant sanitation issues. Dams Built in 1854 during the British colonization of India, the Haridwar dam has led to deca y of the Ganges by greatly diminishing the flow of the river.The Farakka Barrage was built originally to divert fresh water into the Bhagirathi River but has since caused an increase of salinity in the Ganges, having a damaging effect on the ground water and soil along the river. [4] Apart from this, Bangladesh and India faced major tensions due to this barrage. The government of India planned about 300 dams on the Ganges in the near future and the tributaries despite a government-commissioned green panel report that has recommended scrapping 34 of the dams citing environmental concerns.