Indirectness in Communication Definition and Examples

In disciplines that include conversation analysis, communication studies, and speech-act theory, indirectness is a  way of conveying a message through hints, insinuations, questions, gestures, or circumlocutions. Contrast with directness. As a conversational strategy, indirectness is used more frequently in some cultures (for example,  Indian and Chinese) than in others (North American and Northern European), and by most accounts, it tends to be used more extensively by women than by men. Examples and Observations Robin Tolmach LakoffThe intention to communicate indirectly is reflected in the form of an utterance. Indirectness may (depending on its form) express avoidance of a confrontational speech act (say, an imperative like Go home!) in favor of a less intrusive form like a question (Why dont you go home?); or avoidance of the semantic content of the utterance itself (Go home! being replaced by an imperative that makes its point more circumspectly, like Be sure and close the door behind you when you leave; or both (Why dont you take these flowers to your mother on your way home?). It is possible to be indirect in several ways and to various degrees. Language-Related Cultural Themes Muriel Saville-TroikeWhere directness or indirectness are cultural themes, they are always language-related. As defined in speech-act theory, direct acts are those where surface form matches interactional function, as Be quiet! used as a command, versus an indirect Its getting noisy in here or I cant hear myself think, but other units of communication must also be considered.Indirectness may be reflected in routines for offering and refusing or accepting gifts or food, for instance.. Visitors from the Middle East and Asia have reported going hungry in England and the United States because of a misunderstanding of this message; when offered food, many have politely refused rather than accept directly, and it was not offered again. Speakers and Listeners Jeffrey Sanchez-BurksBesides referring to how a speaker conveys a message, indirectness also affects how a listener interprets the messages of others. For example, a listener can infer a meaning that goes beyond what is explicitly stated, which can be independent of whether the speaker intends to be direct or indirect. The Importance of Context Adrian AkmaijanWe sometimes speak indirectly; that is, we sometimes intend to perform one communicative act by means of performing another communicative act. For example, it would be quite natural to say My car has a flat tire to a gas station attendant, with the intention that he repair the tire: in this case we are requesting the hearer to do something... How does a hearer know if a speaker is speaking indirectly as well as directly? [T]he answer is contextual appropriateness. In the above case, it would be contextually inappropriate to be only reporting a flat tire at a gas station. In contrast, if a police officer asks why a motorists car is illegally parked, a simple report of a flat tire would be a contextually appropriate response. In the latter circumstance, the hearer (the police officer) would certainly not take the speakers words as a request to fix the tire... A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context. This is the problem of indirection. The Importance of Culture Peter TrudgillIt is possible that indirectness is used more in societies which are, or which have been until recently, heavily hierarchical in structure. If you want to avoid giving offense to people in authority over you, or if you want to avoid intimidating people lower in the social hierarchy than yourself, then indirectness may be an important strategy. It is possible, too, that the more frequent use by women in western societies of indirectness in conversation is due to the fact that women have traditionally had less power in these societies. Gender Issues: Directness and Indirectness in the Workplace Jennifer J. PeckDirectness and indirectness are encoded by linguistic features and enact competitive and cooperative meanings respectively. Men tend to use more features associated with directness, which inhibits contributions from other speakers. Indirectness strategies encode collaboration and their use encourages others voices into the discourse. Some linguistic forms that encode inclusiveness and collaboration are inclusive pronouns (we, us, lets, shall we), modal verbs (could, might, may), and modalizers (perhaps, maybe). Directness involves egocentric pronouns (I, me), and absence of modalizers. Indirectness strategies are common in all-female talk when the talk encodes meanings of collaboration and cooperation. These features, however, are routinely denigrated in many workplace and business settings. For instance, a female manager in banking who modalizes and uses inclusiveness strategies, beginning a proposal with I think maybe we should consider... is challenged by a man say ing Do you know or dont you? Another woman commences her recommendation in an academic meeting with Perhaps it would be a good idea if we thought about doing... and is interrupted by a man who says Can you get to the point? Is it possible for you to do that? (Peck, 2005b)... Women appear to internalize male constructions of their performances and describe their communication strategies in business settings as unclear, and vague and say that they dont get to the point (Peck 2005b). Benefits of Indirectness Deborah Tannen[George P.] Lakoff identifies two benefits of indirectness: defensiveness and rapport. Defensiveness refers to a speakers preference not to go on record with an idea in order to be able to disclaim, rescind, or modify it if it does not meet with a positive response. The rapport benefit of indirectness results from the pleasant experience of getting ones way not because one demanded it (power) but because the other person wanted the same thing (solidarity). Many researchers have focused on the defensive or power benefit of indirectness and ignored the payoff in rapport or solidarity.The payoffs of indirectness in rapport and self-defense correspond to the two basic dynamics that motivate communication: the coexisting and conflicting human needs for involvement and independence. Since any show of involvement is a threat to independence, and any show of independence is a threat to involvement, indirectness is the life raft of communication, a way to float on top of a situa tion instead of plunging in with nose pinched and coming up blinking.Through indirectness, we give others an idea of what we have in mind, testing the interactional waters before committing too much—a natural way of balancing our needs with the needs of others. Rather than blurt out ideas and let them fall where they may, we send out feelers, get a sense of others ideas and their potential reaction to ours, and shape our thoughts as we go. Multiple Subtopics and Fields of Study Michael LempertIndirectness borders on and bleeds into many topics, including euphemism, circumlocution, metaphor, irony, repression, parapraxis. What is more, the topic.. has received attention in diverse fields, from linguistics to anthropology to rhetoric to communication studies... [M]uch of the literature on indirectness has remained in close orbit around speech-act theory, which has privileged reference and predication and has led to a narrow focus on pragmatic ambiguity (indirect performativity) in sentence-sized units.

An Artist s Metamorphosis Art - 886 Words

An Artist’s Metamorphosis Art has always been a part of my life for as long I can remember. Art class was what I anxiously looked forward to in grade school. I recall the sadness that I would experience when my teacher did not pick my coloring sheet to be put on the wall of my second grade classroom, but I also remember the immense pride I experienced when I discovered that my seahorse sculpture had been picked to be put in the Zane Grey museum in the third grade. I participated in Chalk On the Walk every year. I loved it so much that I even had a chalkboard wall painted in my bedroom. My dad would even lift me up onto his large shoulders so that I could draw on the parts of the wall that my little arms could not yet reach. I remember drawing a series of pictures, marching down the street with childish conviction, and selling my drawings to anyone who would buy them for a quarter a piece. When I look back, I realize those drawings certainly were not as amazing as I believed. The people who had bought those aw ful drawings were just trying to be nice to a cute little child. Nevertheless, it started a confidence and dedication that eventually led to who I am today. When children are asked what they want to be when they grow up, it is not uncommon to hear that they want to be an artist, a singer, or even an astronaut. Once children grow older, most of them tend to sway from their original choice, whether it be from growing up or finding incompatibilities with their interests.Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Landscape With The Fall Of Icarus1688 Words   |  7 Pagesrespond to these works, which provide an insight into life during certain periods of time. For instance, Ovid’s narrative poem, ‘Metamorphosis’ 8 CE, depicts the dangers for a man to deviate from the natural order. Whereas, Pieter Bruegel’s converted art piece, ‘Landscape with the Fall of Icarus’ c. 1560, emphasises the sustenance of work. W.H. 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What accelerates and counteracts global warming Free Essays

Global warming is the worst challenge facing the world in the 21st century. Since the second half of the 20th century, there has been sudden increase in global temperature leading to global warming effect. Increased human activities and natural activities have contributed to increase global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on What accelerates and counteracts global warming? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Global warming has had various negative effects in the world including melting of polar ice and rise in sea levels, changes in weather pattern with prolonged drought and torrents of rain, disappearance of species, and many others. One of the main factors that have contributed to global warming is release of green house gases to the atmosphere. Release of gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrite oxide, and others has contributed to green house effect leading to global warming. Although green house gases has been cited as the main source of global warming, there are other minor sources which over the time has led to   substantial increase in global temperature. However, there are alternative factors counteracting global warming effects which include aerosols and soot, solar variation, and many others. Alternative causes of global warming The most common indicator used to indicate global warming is the change in average global temperature at the near earth’s surface.   Between 1860 and 1900 it is recorded that the earth surface temperature increased by  Ã‚   0.75oC which is approximately 1.35oF. Since 1979, the global temperature at the lower trosphere has recorded an increase of more than 0.22oC. Before 1850, it is believed that temperature was relatively stable for more than two thousands years and therefore it is the increase in human activities especially industrialization that has led to increase in global temperature. According to recent records, 2005 was recorded as the warmest year ever since the scientific world started keeping reliable records. The main factor contributing to increased global temperature has been release of green house gases to the atmosphere (Pierce and Adams, 2009). It is believed that gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrite oxide, nitrogen dioxide and others leads to green house effects which increases global temperature. While green house gases contribute to global warming effects, it is believed that there are factors which had previously been thought to cause global warming but counteract global warming effects. Although their contribution may be minimal and difficult to notice, these factors can led to substantial cooling of the earth over a long period of time. Let us look at some of these factors including aerosols and soot which counteract global warming and solar variation which may accelerates global warming Aerosols and soot Aerosols and soot contribute to global cooling through global dimming. This is an effect in which there is gradual reduction in the range of direct irradiance to the earth that greatly counteracts global warming effect. This phenomenon, which has been studied since 1960 evidence that global dimming, can contribute to cooling of the earth over a long period of time.   Global dimming is mainly caused by aerosols which are produced through volcanic activities and other emissions like sulfur dioxide (Pierce and Adams, 2009). Aerosols produce a cooling effect through increase of reflection of some of the incoming sunlight.   Ã‚  Through scattering and absorbing of the solar radiation, aerosols have also been shown to have indirect effects on the net radiation budget. For example sulfate aerosols have been found to form cloud condensation nuclei which lead to clouds having smaller could droplets.   The formed clouds have been shown to reflect solar radiation when compared to clouds with fewer and large droplets. Soot can lead to cool or warm effect on the globe depending on its state whether airborne or deposition. Soot aerosols in the atmosphere absorb solar radiation thereby cooling the earth since solar radiation heats the atmosphere. However, soot deposited at the glaciers has been shown to heat the earth surfaces.   Aerosols have more pronounced effects in the tropical and sub-tropical regions especially in Asia. How to cite What accelerates and counteracts global warming?, Papers

Income Inequality and Social Epidemiology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Income Inequality and Social Epidemiology. Answer: Introduction: The social model of health highlights the limitations of biomedical model as the social model emphasizes on the health determinants and health interventions in the society. It demonstrates ill health as a process of interaction between the individuals and the environment. The biomedical model plays a significant role in understanding the causes of the disease and appropriate treatments related to it but it has been criticized due to social and behavioral factors like sociology and psychology and also medicine. The social model demonstrates the health and illness by focusing on scientific or medical reasons as well as other factors that may lead to a deprived state of health such as poverty, low socio economic management, lack of housing and nutrition, stress related to employment and pollution in the environment (Riekert, Ockene Pbert,2013).These factors affect the physical as well as the psychological health of individuals because health largely depends on the society and the cultu re the individuals are living in. The main limitation that is experienced by the biomedical model is that it neglects the social and psychological factors by underestimating the complex nature of health and disease. In this model, the overall health aspects are linked to changes in the society and the environment and not the medical changes. The social model explains that a proper balance between the individual and the social interventions is mandatory. It assumes that good health is the main responsibility for the individuals living in the society. It can be done by properly examining the social determinants of the health such as status and the behavior related to the health of individuals. The social model of health focuses on the discrimination that is faced by the individuals on the basis of caste, creed, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status etc. It provides equal importance in preventing the health issue by providing proper treatment and reduces the discrimination between the individuals (Germov, 2009). It works by promoting the participation of communities and incorporating several interventions in the state such as social services and public policies including control in the pollution levels and safety at the workplace. There are three major aspects of the social model of health. These include social production and the distribution of the illness and the health, Social construction of illness and health, Social organization of health care (Germov, 2009).The biomedical model focuses in the treatment of the disease and the ability of taking risks in the individuals. There are several disadvantages of the biomedical model such as the patients who suffer from any health disease are known by their diagnosis and not by their individuality. They are not provided quality care and more importance is given on the use of modern and scientific technology (Kidd, Kenny McKinstry,2015). Health care services delivered by the privatized health care systems are more efficient and sustainable as compared to public health sector organizations especially in developing and poor countries. Private health care in Australia is funded by health insurance funds. Medibank is the largest provider of health fund with a 30% share in the market ( Eldredge et al., 2016). There are a large number of individuals who prefer to take the assistance of health care professionals in private hospitals. This is because private hospitals provide proper assistance and are responsive towards patients as they are well equipped in providing personalized attention to their patients. The nurses, doctors, clinicians and other health care professionals have a few patients and hence can provide individual attention to them (Barbour,1995). They have proper amenities and involve the usage of modern and scientific technology to deliver the health care services. Hence, the services are quite expensive and c annot be afforded by all the patients. The waiting time of the patient is short in private health care systems as compared to public health care systems. Private hospitals provide individual attention and personalized care to their patients related to the health disease and treatment. The nursing staff and other health care professionals provide self help and rehabilitation care to the patients after the treatment if required. Public health care is provided by the government through national health care systems. The health care funding in Australia is through Medicare which provides funding to a major part of the cost of health care services. The amount that is paid by the Medicare includes the health cost of the specialist and the general practitioner. A large number of people do not prefer visiting public hospitals for health care services especially in the poor and the developing countries. This is because public hospitals lack in providing proper hospitality and person centered care to all their patients. The patients do not get enough time to discuss their concerns with the doctor as there are a large number of patients. The waiting time of the patients is also large in a public health care system (Leeder, 2003). The number of nursing staff and the doctors is large in public hospitals but they do not provide personalized care to their patients. Public health care systems lack equipments based on moder n technology as they are expensive and hence are unable to provide proper health care services to patients. There are several initiatives and measures that are being taken in order to improve the quality of health care services in the public hospitals. These include providing proper attention to patients suffering from complicated health issues, responding to their phone calls and reducing the cost of the treatment. It is important to provide person-centered-care and take appropriate measures in order to provide quality health care services to the patients. The patients should be provided proper counseling after the treatment and should be explained about the preventive measures to be taken to enhance their experience as a patient. Proper measures for the safety and the prevention of infection in patients should be taken by the nurses and other health care professionals. They should wash their hands with soap solution or any other alcohol based hand wash during examining the patient. The instruments used should be disinfected and sterilized before using and the waste products should be dis posed of safely to avoid any harmful infections especially in public hospitals in developed countries. Economic equality refers to gap between the individuals who have a high income and a low income. It acts as threat to good health in several ways. Income produced by an individual plays a crucial role in meeting his or her basic needs and also impacts health such as provision of proper medical facilities, nutritional diet and adequate housing facilities. A high income increases the chances of good health in human beings and a low income leads to several health issues in individuals. This is because they mainly reside in poverty stricken areas which are more prone to risks related to health issues(Kawachi Subramanian,2014). People who earn a low wage struggle everyday to meet their needs as well as their family members. They have to choose between different activities such as buy food items, health care services or housing facilities. They do not receive any support from anyone and hence suffer from several mental and physical health issues such as low self esteem, depressive symptoms, anxiety, fear and sadness. It has been observed that people who have a low income are discriminated on the basis of low socio economic status in the society. They are excluded from economic management, social and political life. Individuals who earn a high income can lead to improved health condition and well being. People who live in poverty conditions experience violence, crime, environmental pollution and unhygienic environment. They have less access to education, employment, recreational facilities which lead to a negative impact on the individuals as well as the entire community (Reuss,2001). Individuals who live in the lowest poverty conditions are expected to live longer as compared to those who live in highest poverty conditions. Economic equality plays a significant role in affecting the health condition of individuals. The distribution of income within the individuals or the population also affects the health status along with the income and poverty levels among individuals. The country spends around 2 times in providing health care services per individual as compared to other countries; it ranks 49 in terms of life expectancy (Pickett Wilkinson, 2015). Countries which have a higher rank on the basis of life expectancy have several policies in order to support families and protect their workers. They can provide a safe environment by providing several health care facilities to individuals. These policies address the inequality of income/wealth by lowering down the gap between the two in order to provide appropriate resources to everyone to survive (Eldredge et al., 2016). It can also be done by reducing the connection between health and wealth and promoting the availability of resources for each and every individual, by not being dependent on income or the assets of individuals. Gender inequality results in the discrimination between men and women. It leads to a negative health issues among females and women on a global scale. It provides men with authority and control over the lives of women and results in emotional and mental health issues such as depressive symptoms, anxiety and sadness in women. The health care professionals should be educated about gender inequality because discrimination on the basis of gender is a major social and health issue ( Garca-Moreno et al., 2015).Nurses can play a crucial role in addressing the rights of women and they can help in reducing health inequalities among men and women. It is important to provide information and knowledge to the nursing staff and other health care professionals about gender inequality. This will play a crucial role in the identification of women who had been the victims of physical and sexual violence (Bowler, 1993). The nurses and the doctors can make a significant contribution in helping women and protect them from the destructive behavior against them. These are the analysis of personal attitude towards the issue, empowering women by the use of nursing practice and the formation of specific interventions. The nursing staff and the health care professionals should provide proper health care services to both men and women and discriminate them on the basis of gender, caste, religion and socio economic status. Since, majority of the nursing staff are women; they will not question women candidates that would support her being a victim of abuse (Miers, 2002). Nurses will remain sensitive towards women who have been abused. Nursing staff can help in empowering the women who have been assaulted physically and psychologically. They will examine her physically and make her comfortable while listening to her ordeal. The nurses, doctors and other health care professionals should make them comfortable and provide proper counseling sessions. Victims of sexual or physical assault should be treated using proper communication skills so that they feel comfortable in sharing their problems and issues (Pickett Wilkinson, 2015). Women have always been treated as a burden in the society since ages due to lack of education and wealth. They are treated as an object in their homes by men specially husbands and are not allowed to work according to their wish (Riekert, Ockene Pbert, 2013).They are not given a well- balanced diet.Nurses should provide information about the practice of having safe sex and encourage them the use of condoms to prevent the infection from sexually transmitted disease and unwanted pregnancy in females (Chrisler, Barney Palatino, 2016).Nurses can also provide emotional and physical support to women. They should be provided appropriate health care services by the nurses and other health care staffs.Hence, it is very important to educate health care professionals about the gender inequality in order to prevent discrimination among men and women in the society (Sampselle, 1991). References Barbour,A(1995) Introduction. In Caring for Patients: A critique of the medical model.Stanford,Stanford University Press. Bowler,I (1993) They are not the same as us: Midwives stereotypes of South Asian decent maternity patients. Sociology of Health and Illness,v15(2): 157-177. Chrisler, J. C., Barney, A., Palatino, B. (2016). Ageism can be hazardous to women's health: Ageism, sexism, and stereotypes of older women in the healthcare system.Journal of Social Issues,72(1), 86-104. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., Parcel, G. S. (2016).Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Garca-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A. F. L., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women.The Lancet,385(9977), 1567-1579. Germov, J.(2009) Imagining health problems as social issues. In Second Opinion: An introduction to health sociology.4th edition. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V. (2014). Income inequality.Social epidemiology,126. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. Leeder, S.( 2003) Achieving Equity in the Australian Healthcare System, Medical Journal of Australia,v179:475-478. Miers,M (2002) Developing an Understanding of Gender Sensitive Care: Exploring concepts and knowledge. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(1):69-77. Pickett, K. E., Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: a causal review.Social Science Medicine,128, 316-326. Reuss,A( 2001) Cause of Death : Inequality .Dollars Sense ,v235:10-12 Riekert, K. A., Ockene, J. K., Pbert, L. (Eds.). (2013).The handbook of health behavior change. Springer Publishing Company. Sampselle, C ( 1991) The Role of Nursing in Preventing Violence Against Women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, v20(6): 481-487.